GPUToSPIRV.cpp

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//===- GPUToSPIRV.cpp - GPU to SPIR-V Patterns ----------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements patterns to convert GPU dialect to SPIR-V dialect.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "mlir/Conversion/GPUToSPIRV/GPUToSPIRV.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/GPU/IR/GPUDialect.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVAttributes.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVDialect.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVEnums.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVOps.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVTypes.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/TargetAndABI.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/Transforms/SPIRVConversion.h"
#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinOps.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Matchers.h"
#include "mlir/Transforms/DialectConversion.h"
#include <optional>
 
using namespace mlir;
 
static constexpr const char kSPIRVModule[] = "__spv__";
 
namespace {
/// Pattern lowering GPU block/thread size/id to loading SPIR-V invocation
/// builtin variables.
template <typename SourceOp, spirv::BuiltIn builtin>
class LaunchConfigConversion : public OpConversionPattern<SourceOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern<SourceOp>::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(SourceOp op, typename SourceOp::Adaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// Pattern lowering subgroup size/id to loading SPIR-V invocation
/// builtin variables.
template <typename SourceOp, spirv::BuiltIn builtin>
class SingleDimLaunchConfigConversion : public OpConversionPattern<SourceOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern<SourceOp>::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(SourceOp op, typename SourceOp::Adaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// This is separate because in Vulkan workgroup size is exposed to shaders via
/// a constant with WorkgroupSize decoration. So here we cannot generate a
/// builtin variable; instead the information in the `spirv.entry_point_abi`
/// attribute on the surrounding FuncOp is used to replace the gpu::BlockDimOp.
class WorkGroupSizeConversion : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::BlockDimOp> {
public:
  WorkGroupSizeConversion(const TypeConverter &typeConverter,
                          MLIRContext *context)
      : OpConversionPattern(typeConverter, context, /*benefit*/ 10) {}
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::BlockDimOp op, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a kernel function in GPU dialect within a spirv.module.
class GPUFuncOpConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::GPUFuncOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern<gpu::GPUFuncOp>::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::GPUFuncOp funcOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
 
private:
  SmallVector<int32_t, 3> workGroupSizeAsInt32;
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.module to a spirv.module.
class GPUModuleConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::GPUModuleOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern<gpu::GPUModuleOp>::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::GPUModuleOp moduleOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.return into a SPIR-V return.
// TODO: This can go to DRR when GPU return has operands.
class GPUReturnOpConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::ReturnOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern<gpu::ReturnOp>::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::ReturnOp returnOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.barrier op into a spirv.ControlBarrier op.
class GPUBarrierConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::BarrierOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::BarrierOp barrierOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.shuffle op into a spirv.GroupNonUniformShuffle op.
class GPUShuffleConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::ShuffleOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::ShuffleOp shuffleOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
class GPUPrintfConversion final : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::PrintfOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::PrintfOp gpuPrintfOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override;
};
 
} // namespace
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Builtins.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
template <typename SourceOp, spirv::BuiltIn builtin>
LogicalResult LaunchConfigConversion<SourceOp, builtin>::matchAndRewrite(
    SourceOp op, typename SourceOp::Adaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  auto *typeConverter = this->template getTypeConverter<SPIRVTypeConverter>();
  Type indexType = typeConverter->getIndexType();
 
  // For Vulkan, these SPIR-V builtin variables are required to be a vector of
  // type <3xi32> by the spec:
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/NumWorkgroups.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/WorkgroupId.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/WorkgroupSize.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/LocalInvocationId.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/LocalInvocationId.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/GlobalInvocationId.html
  //
  // For OpenCL, it depends on the Physical32/Physical64 addressing model:
  // https://registry.khronos.org/OpenCL/specs/3.0-unified/html/OpenCL_Env.html#_built_in_variables
  bool forShader =
      typeConverter->getTargetEnv().allows(spirv::Capability::Shader);
  Type builtinType = forShader ? rewriter.getIntegerType(32) : indexType;
 
  Value vector =
      spirv::getBuiltinVariableValue(op, builtin, builtinType, rewriter);
  Value dim = rewriter.create<spirv::CompositeExtractOp>(
      op.getLoc(), builtinType, vector,
      rewriter.getI32ArrayAttr({static_cast<int32_t>(op.getDimension())}));
  if (forShader && builtinType != indexType)
    dim = rewriter.create<spirv::UConvertOp>(op.getLoc(), indexType, dim);
  rewriter.replaceOp(op, dim);
  return success();
}
 
template <typename SourceOp, spirv::BuiltIn builtin>
LogicalResult
SingleDimLaunchConfigConversion<SourceOp, builtin>::matchAndRewrite(
    SourceOp op, typename SourceOp::Adaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  auto *typeConverter = this->template getTypeConverter<SPIRVTypeConverter>();
  Type indexType = typeConverter->getIndexType();
  Type i32Type = rewriter.getIntegerType(32);
 
  // For Vulkan, these SPIR-V builtin variables are required to be a vector of
  // type i32 by the spec:
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/NumSubgroups.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/SubgroupId.html
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/SubgroupSize.html
  //
  // For OpenCL, they are also required to be i32:
  // https://registry.khronos.org/OpenCL/specs/3.0-unified/html/OpenCL_Env.html#_built_in_variables
  Value builtinValue =
      spirv::getBuiltinVariableValue(op, builtin, i32Type, rewriter);
  if (i32Type != indexType)
    builtinValue = rewriter.create<spirv::UConvertOp>(op.getLoc(), indexType,
                                                      builtinValue);
  rewriter.replaceOp(op, builtinValue);
  return success();
}
 
LogicalResult WorkGroupSizeConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::BlockDimOp op, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  DenseI32ArrayAttr workGroupSizeAttr = spirv::lookupLocalWorkGroupSize(op);
  if (!workGroupSizeAttr)
    return failure();
 
  int val =
      workGroupSizeAttr.asArrayRef()[static_cast<int32_t>(op.getDimension())];
  auto convertedType =
      getTypeConverter()->convertType(op.getResult().getType());
  if (!convertedType)
    return failure();
  rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<spirv::ConstantOp>(
      op, convertedType, IntegerAttr::get(convertedType, val));
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// GPUFuncOp
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
// Legalizes a GPU function as an entry SPIR-V function.
static spirv::FuncOp
lowerAsEntryFunction(gpu::GPUFuncOp funcOp, const TypeConverter &typeConverter,
                     ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter,
                     spirv::EntryPointABIAttr entryPointInfo,
                     ArrayRef<spirv::InterfaceVarABIAttr> argABIInfo) {
  auto fnType = funcOp.getFunctionType();
  if (fnType.getNumResults()) {
    funcOp.emitError("SPIR-V lowering only supports entry functions"
                     "with no return values right now");
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (!argABIInfo.empty() && fnType.getNumInputs() != argABIInfo.size()) {
    funcOp.emitError(
        "lowering as entry functions requires ABI info for all arguments "
        "or none of them");
    return nullptr;
  }
  // Update the signature to valid SPIR-V types and add the ABI
  // attributes. These will be "materialized" by using the
  // LowerABIAttributesPass.
  TypeConverter::SignatureConversion signatureConverter(fnType.getNumInputs());
  {
    for (const auto &argType :
         enumerate(funcOp.getFunctionType().getInputs())) {
      auto convertedType = typeConverter.convertType(argType.value());
      if (!convertedType)
        return nullptr;
      signatureConverter.addInputs(argType.index(), convertedType);
    }
  }
  auto newFuncOp = rewriter.create<spirv::FuncOp>(
      funcOp.getLoc(), funcOp.getName(),
      rewriter.getFunctionType(signatureConverter.getConvertedTypes(),
                               std::nullopt));
  for (const auto &namedAttr : funcOp->getAttrs()) {
    if (namedAttr.getName() == funcOp.getFunctionTypeAttrName() ||
        namedAttr.getName() == SymbolTable::getSymbolAttrName())
      continue;
    newFuncOp->setAttr(namedAttr.getName(), namedAttr.getValue());
  }
 
  rewriter.inlineRegionBefore(funcOp.getBody(), newFuncOp.getBody(),
                              newFuncOp.end());
  if (failed(rewriter.convertRegionTypes(&newFuncOp.getBody(), typeConverter,
                                         &signatureConverter)))
    return nullptr;
  rewriter.eraseOp(funcOp);
 
  // Set the attributes for argument and the function.
  StringRef argABIAttrName = spirv::getInterfaceVarABIAttrName();
  for (auto argIndex : llvm::seq<unsigned>(0, argABIInfo.size())) {
    newFuncOp.setArgAttr(argIndex, argABIAttrName, argABIInfo[argIndex]);
  }
  newFuncOp->setAttr(spirv::getEntryPointABIAttrName(), entryPointInfo);
 
  return newFuncOp;
}
 
/// Populates `argABI` with spirv.interface_var_abi attributes for lowering
/// gpu.func to spirv.func if no arguments have the attributes set
/// already. Returns failure if any argument has the ABI attribute set already.
static LogicalResult
getDefaultABIAttrs(const spirv::TargetEnv &targetEnv, gpu::GPUFuncOp funcOp,
                   SmallVectorImpl<spirv::InterfaceVarABIAttr> &argABI) {
  if (!spirv::needsInterfaceVarABIAttrs(targetEnv))
    return success();
 
  for (auto argIndex : llvm::seq<unsigned>(0, funcOp.getNumArguments())) {
    if (funcOp.getArgAttrOfType<spirv::InterfaceVarABIAttr>(
            argIndex, spirv::getInterfaceVarABIAttrName()))
      return failure();
    // Vulkan's interface variable requirements needs scalars to be wrapped in a
    // struct. The struct held in storage buffer.
    std::optional<spirv::StorageClass> sc;
    if (funcOp.getArgument(argIndex).getType().isIntOrIndexOrFloat())
      sc = spirv::StorageClass::StorageBuffer;
    argABI.push_back(
        spirv::getInterfaceVarABIAttr(0, argIndex, sc, funcOp.getContext()));
  }
  return success();
}
 
LogicalResult GPUFuncOpConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::GPUFuncOp funcOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  if (!gpu::GPUDialect::isKernel(funcOp))
    return failure();
 
  auto *typeConverter = getTypeConverter<SPIRVTypeConverter>();
  SmallVector<spirv::InterfaceVarABIAttr, 4> argABI;
  if (failed(
          getDefaultABIAttrs(typeConverter->getTargetEnv(), funcOp, argABI))) {
    argABI.clear();
    for (auto argIndex : llvm::seq<unsigned>(0, funcOp.getNumArguments())) {
      // If the ABI is already specified, use it.
      auto abiAttr = funcOp.getArgAttrOfType<spirv::InterfaceVarABIAttr>(
          argIndex, spirv::getInterfaceVarABIAttrName());
      if (!abiAttr) {
        funcOp.emitRemark(
            "match failure: missing 'spirv.interface_var_abi' attribute at "
            "argument ")
            << argIndex;
        return failure();
      }
      argABI.push_back(abiAttr);
    }
  }
 
  auto entryPointAttr = spirv::lookupEntryPointABI(funcOp);
  if (!entryPointAttr) {
    funcOp.emitRemark(
        "match failure: missing 'spirv.entry_point_abi' attribute");
    return failure();
  }
  spirv::FuncOp newFuncOp = lowerAsEntryFunction(
      funcOp, *getTypeConverter(), rewriter, entryPointAttr, argABI);
  if (!newFuncOp)
    return failure();
  newFuncOp->removeAttr(
      rewriter.getStringAttr(gpu::GPUDialect::getKernelFuncAttrName()));
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// ModuleOp with gpu.module.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
LogicalResult GPUModuleConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::GPUModuleOp moduleOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  auto *typeConverter = getTypeConverter<SPIRVTypeConverter>();
  const spirv::TargetEnv &targetEnv = typeConverter->getTargetEnv();
  spirv::AddressingModel addressingModel = spirv::getAddressingModel(
      targetEnv, typeConverter->getOptions().use64bitIndex);
  FailureOr<spirv::MemoryModel> memoryModel = spirv::getMemoryModel(targetEnv);
  if (failed(memoryModel))
    return moduleOp.emitRemark(
        "cannot deduce memory model from 'spirv.target_env'");
 
  // Add a keyword to the module name to avoid symbolic conflict.
  std::string spvModuleName = (kSPIRVModule + moduleOp.getName()).str();
  auto spvModule = rewriter.create<spirv::ModuleOp>(
      moduleOp.getLoc(), addressingModel, *memoryModel, std::nullopt,
      StringRef(spvModuleName));
 
  // Move the region from the module op into the SPIR-V module.
  Region &spvModuleRegion = spvModule.getRegion();
  rewriter.inlineRegionBefore(moduleOp.getBodyRegion(), spvModuleRegion,
                              spvModuleRegion.begin());
  // The spirv.module build method adds a block. Remove that.
  rewriter.eraseBlock(&spvModuleRegion.back());
 
  // Some of the patterns call `lookupTargetEnv` during conversion and they
  // will fail if called after GPUModuleConversion and we don't preserve
  // `TargetEnv` attribute.
  // Copy TargetEnvAttr only if it is attached directly to the GPUModuleOp.
  if (auto attr = moduleOp->getAttrOfType<spirv::TargetEnvAttr>(
          spirv::getTargetEnvAttrName()))
    spvModule->setAttr(spirv::getTargetEnvAttrName(), attr);
 
  rewriter.eraseOp(moduleOp);
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// GPU return inside kernel functions to SPIR-V return.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
LogicalResult GPUReturnOpConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::ReturnOp returnOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  if (!adaptor.getOperands().empty())
    return failure();
 
  rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<spirv::ReturnOp>(returnOp);
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Barrier.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
LogicalResult GPUBarrierConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::BarrierOp barrierOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  MLIRContext *context = getContext();
  // Both execution and memory scope should be workgroup.
  auto scope = spirv::ScopeAttr::get(context, spirv::Scope::Workgroup);
  // Require acquire and release memory semantics for workgroup memory.
  auto memorySemantics = spirv::MemorySemanticsAttr::get(
      context, spirv::MemorySemantics::WorkgroupMemory |
                   spirv::MemorySemantics::AcquireRelease);
  rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<spirv::ControlBarrierOp>(barrierOp, scope, scope,
                                                       memorySemantics);
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Shuffle
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
LogicalResult GPUShuffleConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::ShuffleOp shuffleOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
  // Require the shuffle width to be the same as the target's subgroup size,
  // given that for SPIR-V non-uniform subgroup ops, we cannot select
  // participating invocations.
  auto targetEnv = getTypeConverter<SPIRVTypeConverter>()->getTargetEnv();
  unsigned subgroupSize =
      targetEnv.getAttr().getResourceLimits().getSubgroupSize();
  IntegerAttr widthAttr;
  if (!matchPattern(shuffleOp.getWidth(), m_Constant(&widthAttr)) ||
      widthAttr.getValue().getZExtValue() != subgroupSize)
    return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(
        shuffleOp, "shuffle width and target subgroup size mismatch");
 
  Location loc = shuffleOp.getLoc();
  Value trueVal = spirv::ConstantOp::getOne(rewriter.getI1Type(),
                                            shuffleOp.getLoc(), rewriter);
  auto scope = rewriter.getAttr<spirv::ScopeAttr>(spirv::Scope::Subgroup);
  Value result;
 
  switch (shuffleOp.getMode()) {
  case gpu::ShuffleMode::XOR:
    result = rewriter.create<spirv::GroupNonUniformShuffleXorOp>(
        loc, scope, adaptor.getValue(), adaptor.getOffset());
    break;
  case gpu::ShuffleMode::IDX:
    result = rewriter.create<spirv::GroupNonUniformShuffleOp>(
        loc, scope, adaptor.getValue(), adaptor.getOffset());
    break;
  default:
    return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(shuffleOp, "unimplemented shuffle mode");
  }
 
  rewriter.replaceOp(shuffleOp, {result, trueVal});
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Group ops
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
template <typename UniformOp, typename NonUniformOp>
static Value createGroupReduceOpImpl(OpBuilder &builder, Location loc,
                                     Value arg, bool isGroup, bool isUniform) {
  Type type = arg.getType();
  auto scope = mlir::spirv::ScopeAttr::get(builder.getContext(),
                                           isGroup ? spirv::Scope::Workgroup
                                                   : spirv::Scope::Subgroup);
  auto groupOp = spirv::GroupOperationAttr::get(builder.getContext(),
                                                spirv::GroupOperation::Reduce);
  if (isUniform) {
    return builder.create<UniformOp>(loc, type, scope, groupOp, arg)
        .getResult();
  }
  return builder.create<NonUniformOp>(loc, type, scope, groupOp, arg, Value{})
      .getResult();
}
 
static std::optional<Value> createGroupReduceOp(OpBuilder &builder,
                                                Location loc, Value arg,
                                                gpu::AllReduceOperation opType,
                                                bool isGroup, bool isUniform) {
  enum class ElemType { Float, Boolean, Integer };
  using FuncT = Value (*)(OpBuilder &, Location, Value, bool, bool);
  struct OpHandler {
    gpu::AllReduceOperation kind;
    ElemType elemType;
    FuncT func;
  };
 
  Type type = arg.getType();
  ElemType elementType;
  if (isa<FloatType>(type)) {
    elementType = ElemType::Float;
  } else if (auto intTy = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(type)) {
    elementType = (intTy.getIntOrFloatBitWidth() == 1) ? ElemType::Boolean
                                                       : ElemType::Integer;
  } else {
    return std::nullopt;
  }
 
  // TODO(https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/73459): The SPIR-V spec
  // does not specify how -0.0 / +0.0 and NaN values are handled in *FMin/*FMax
  // reduction ops. We should account possible precision requirements in this
  // conversion.
 
  using ReduceType = gpu::AllReduceOperation;
  const OpHandler handlers[] = {
      {ReduceType::ADD, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupIAddOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformIAddOp>},
      {ReduceType::ADD, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFAddOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFAddOp>},
      {ReduceType::MUL, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupIMulKHROp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformIMulOp>},
      {ReduceType::MUL, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFMulKHROp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFMulOp>},
      {ReduceType::MINUI, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupUMinOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformUMinOp>},
      {ReduceType::MINSI, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupSMinOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformSMinOp>},
      {ReduceType::MINNUMF, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFMinOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFMinOp>},
      {ReduceType::MAXUI, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupUMaxOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformUMaxOp>},
      {ReduceType::MAXSI, ElemType::Integer,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupSMaxOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformSMaxOp>},
      {ReduceType::MAXNUMF, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFMaxOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFMaxOp>},
      {ReduceType::MINIMUMF, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFMinOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFMinOp>},
      {ReduceType::MAXIMUMF, ElemType::Float,
       &createGroupReduceOpImpl<spirv::GroupFMaxOp,
                                spirv::GroupNonUniformFMaxOp>}};
 
  for (const OpHandler &handler : handlers)
    if (handler.kind == opType && elementType == handler.elemType)
      return handler.func(builder, loc, arg, isGroup, isUniform);
 
  return std::nullopt;
}
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.all_reduce op into a SPIR-V group op.
class GPUAllReduceConversion final
    : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::AllReduceOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::AllReduceOp op, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override {
    auto opType = op.getOp();
 
    // gpu.all_reduce can have either reduction op attribute or reduction
    // region. Only attribute version is supported.
    if (!opType)
      return failure();
 
    auto result =
        createGroupReduceOp(rewriter, op.getLoc(), adaptor.getValue(), *opType,
                            /*isGroup*/ true, op.getUniform());
    if (!result)
      return failure();
 
    rewriter.replaceOp(op, *result);
    return success();
  }
};
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.subgroup_reduce op into a SPIR-V group op.
class GPUSubgroupReduceConversion final
    : public OpConversionPattern<gpu::SubgroupReduceOp> {
public:
  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
  LogicalResult
  matchAndRewrite(gpu::SubgroupReduceOp op, OpAdaptor adaptor,
                  ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const override {
    if (op.getClusterSize())
      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(
          op, "lowering for clustered reduce not implemented");
 
    if (!isa<spirv::ScalarType>(adaptor.getValue().getType()))
      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(op, "reduction type is not a scalar");
 
    auto result = createGroupReduceOp(rewriter, op.getLoc(), adaptor.getValue(),
                                      adaptor.getOp(),
                                      /*isGroup=*/false, adaptor.getUniform());
    if (!result)
      return failure();
 
    rewriter.replaceOp(op, *result);
    return success();
  }
};
 
// Formulate a unique variable/constant name after
// searching in the module for existing variable/constant names.
// This is to avoid name collision with existing variables.
// Example: printfMsg0, printfMsg1, printfMsg2, ...
static std::string makeVarName(spirv::ModuleOp moduleOp, llvm::Twine prefix) {
  std::string name;
  unsigned number = 0;
 
  do {
    name.clear();
    name = (prefix + llvm::Twine(number++)).str();
  } while (moduleOp.lookupSymbol(name));
 
  return name;
}
 
/// Pattern to convert a gpu.printf op into a SPIR-V CLPrintf op.
 
LogicalResult GPUPrintfConversion::matchAndRewrite(
    gpu::PrintfOp gpuPrintfOp, OpAdaptor adaptor,
    ConversionPatternRewriter &rewriter) const {
 
  Location loc = gpuPrintfOp.getLoc();
 
  auto moduleOp = gpuPrintfOp->getParentOfType<spirv::ModuleOp>();
  if (!moduleOp)
    return failure();
 
  // SPIR-V global variable is used to initialize printf
  // format string value, if there are multiple printf messages,
  // each global var needs to be created with a unique name.
  std::string globalVarName = makeVarName(moduleOp, llvm::Twine("printfMsg"));
  spirv::GlobalVariableOp globalVar;
 
  IntegerType i8Type = rewriter.getI8Type();
  IntegerType i32Type = rewriter.getI32Type();
 
  // Each character of printf format string is
  // stored as a spec constant. We need to create
  // unique name for this spec constant like
  // @printfMsg0_sc0, @printfMsg0_sc1, ... by searching in the module
  // for existing spec constant names.
  auto createSpecConstant = [&](unsigned value) {
    auto attr = rewriter.getI8IntegerAttr(value);
    std::string specCstName =
        makeVarName(moduleOp, llvm::Twine(globalVarName) + "_sc");
 
    return rewriter.create<spirv::SpecConstantOp>(
        loc, rewriter.getStringAttr(specCstName), attr);
  };
  {
    Operation *parent =
        SymbolTable::getNearestSymbolTable(gpuPrintfOp->getParentOp());
 
    ConversionPatternRewriter::InsertionGuard guard(rewriter);
 
    Block &entryBlock = *parent->getRegion(0).begin();
    rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(
        &entryBlock); // insertion point at module level
 
    // Create Constituents with SpecConstant by scanning format string
    // Each character of format string is stored as a spec constant
    // and then these spec constants are used to create a
    // SpecConstantCompositeOp.
    llvm::SmallString<20> formatString(adaptor.getFormat());
    formatString.push_back('\0'); // Null terminate for C.
    SmallVector<Attribute, 4> constituents;
    for (char c : formatString) {
      spirv::SpecConstantOp cSpecConstantOp = createSpecConstant(c);
      constituents.push_back(SymbolRefAttr::get(cSpecConstantOp));
    }
 
    // Create SpecConstantCompositeOp to initialize the global variable
    size_t contentSize = constituents.size();
    auto globalType = spirv::ArrayType::get(i8Type, contentSize);
    spirv::SpecConstantCompositeOp specCstComposite;
    // There will be one SpecConstantCompositeOp per printf message/global var,
    // so no need do lookup for existing ones.
    std::string specCstCompositeName =
        (llvm::Twine(globalVarName) + "_scc").str();
 
    specCstComposite = rewriter.create<spirv::SpecConstantCompositeOp>(
        loc, TypeAttr::get(globalType),
        rewriter.getStringAttr(specCstCompositeName),
        rewriter.getArrayAttr(constituents));
 
    auto ptrType = spirv::PointerType::get(
        globalType, spirv::StorageClass::UniformConstant);
 
    // Define a GlobalVarOp initialized using specialized constants
    // that is used to specify the printf format string
    // to be passed to the SPIRV CLPrintfOp.
    globalVar = rewriter.create<spirv::GlobalVariableOp>(
        loc, ptrType, globalVarName, FlatSymbolRefAttr::get(specCstComposite));
 
    globalVar->setAttr("Constant", rewriter.getUnitAttr());
  }
  // Get SSA value of Global variable and create pointer to i8 to point to
  // the format string.
  Value globalPtr = rewriter.create<spirv::AddressOfOp>(loc, globalVar);
  Value fmtStr = rewriter.create<spirv::BitcastOp>(
      loc,
      spirv::PointerType::get(i8Type, spirv::StorageClass::UniformConstant),
      globalPtr);
 
  // Get printf arguments.
  auto printfArgs = llvm::to_vector_of<Value, 4>(adaptor.getArgs());
 
  rewriter.create<spirv::CLPrintfOp>(loc, i32Type, fmtStr, printfArgs);
 
  // Need to erase the gpu.printf op as gpu.printf does not use result vs
  // spirv::CLPrintfOp has i32 resultType so cannot replace with new SPIR-V
  // printf op.
  rewriter.eraseOp(gpuPrintfOp);
 
  return success();
}
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// GPU To SPIRV Patterns.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
void mlir::populateGPUToSPIRVPatterns(const SPIRVTypeConverter &typeConverter,
                                      RewritePatternSet &patterns) {
  patterns.add<
      GPUBarrierConversion, GPUFuncOpConversion, GPUModuleConversion,
      GPUReturnOpConversion, GPUShuffleConversion,
      LaunchConfigConversion<gpu::BlockIdOp, spirv::BuiltIn::WorkgroupId>,
      LaunchConfigConversion<gpu::GridDimOp, spirv::BuiltIn::NumWorkgroups>,
      LaunchConfigConversion<gpu::BlockDimOp, spirv::BuiltIn::WorkgroupSize>,
      LaunchConfigConversion<gpu::ThreadIdOp,
                             spirv::BuiltIn::LocalInvocationId>,
      LaunchConfigConversion<gpu::GlobalIdOp,
                             spirv::BuiltIn::GlobalInvocationId>,
      SingleDimLaunchConfigConversion<gpu::SubgroupIdOp,
                                      spirv::BuiltIn::SubgroupId>,
      SingleDimLaunchConfigConversion<gpu::NumSubgroupsOp,
                                      spirv::BuiltIn::NumSubgroups>,
      SingleDimLaunchConfigConversion<gpu::SubgroupSizeOp,
                                      spirv::BuiltIn::SubgroupSize>,
      WorkGroupSizeConversion, GPUAllReduceConversion,
      GPUSubgroupReduceConversion, GPUPrintfConversion>(typeConverter,
                                                        patterns.getContext());
}